Follow Greece Investment Immigration and Greek Education: Greece is one of the world's ancient civilizations. Ancient Greece was renowned for its developed culture and education. In the 2nd century BC, the Romans invaded, and Greece was successively incorporated into the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, and was ruled by the Ottoman Empire in the mid-15th century. Foreign aggression and rule affected the development of Greek education. In 1829, after a long struggle, the Greek people won national independence. The Kingdom of Greece was established in 1832. In 1833, Bavarian Prince Otto (who later became the first King of Greece) presided over the drafting of the Greek Constitution. The constitution stipulated the establishment of a Ministry of Education to be responsible for managing the country's educational affairs. Under Otto's influence, Greece adopted a highly centralized German education system, which continues to this day. In 1837, Greece opened its first modern university, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Since then, Greek education began to revive.
After World War II, Greek education developed rapidly. Since the 1960s, Greece has undergone three large-scale educational reforms. The purpose of the first reform (1957–1963) was to adapt to the requirements of economic development, adjust the structure of secondary education, establish and strengthen the vocational and technical education system, and closely link education with modern social life. Because the reform was diametrically opposed to the traditional classical tendency, the reform measures were not fully implemented. The second reform (1964–1965), based on the previous reform, adopted measures through legislation to extend the duration of compulsory education, implement free education, vigorously strengthen vocational and technical education, reform the academic system, curriculum settings, and examination systems, and add several new higher education institutions. This was a relatively comprehensive educational reform in the post-war period. However, after the military coup in 1967, Greek education returned to its classical tendency, and the educational reform failed once again. In 1974, Greece established a republican system of government. A new constitution was passed in 1975. The constitution stipulated that the development of education is the responsibility of the state, and compulsory education should be extended from 6 to 9 years; vocational and technical education should be extended upward to the field of higher education. Since then, Greece has passed a series of important educational legislations. This constitutes the third educational reform.
Educational Administration
The Cabinet includes a Ministry of Education, which uniformly manages the country's educational affairs. The Ministry of Education is responsible for curriculum arrangements, the examination and approval of teaching content, the implementation of the examination system, the allocation of teaching time for schools of all levels and types, and the publication and distribution of textbooks. The Ministry of Education has several special committees responsible for the formulation, implementation, and consultation of educational policies, and provides guidance for local educational work. The country has an educational supervision system to monitor the implementation of the Ministry of Education's various instructions. The state provides educational funding to public schools. In 1981, educational funding accounted for 12.4% of the national budget. Teachers and educational administrative personnel can only be hired after passing national examinations and enjoy the status of national civil servants.