To this day, the United Kingdom does not have a codified constitution; it is the sum of 700 years of common law, dating back to the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta is one of the constitutional documents from the period of feudal autocracy in the UK. Commonly known as the "Great Charter," it was a document signed by King John under duress from English nobles at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. The document consists of 63 clauses written in Latin. Most of the clauses protect the rights of nobles and clergy. Key contents include: guaranteeing the freedom of the church to elect clergy; protecting the inheritance rights of nobles and knights to their fiefs, with the King prohibited from levying inheritance taxes in violation of custom; the King may not levy subsidies or scutage on direct vassals without the consent of the "Great Council" composed of nobles, clergy, and knights; abolishing the King's right to interfere in judicial trials conducted by feudal courts; and the King may not arbitrarily arrest or imprison any free man or confiscate their property without a judgment by their peers. In addition, a few clauses concern cities, such as confirming the rights already enjoyed by cities, protecting commercial freedom, and standardizing weights and measures. The Magna Carta served as a limitation on royal power, and if the King violated it, a committee of 25 nobles had the right to use force against him. The Magna Carta later became one of the important foundations for the establishment of the rule of law by the modern bourgeoisie.
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